CPP-NPA Kasaysayan Kilusan at Pag-asa ng Bayan
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The New People's Army (Filipino: Bagong Hukbong Bayan), abbreviated NPA or BHB, is the armed wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP).
It acts as the CPP's principal organization, aiming to consolidate political power from what it sees as the prest bourgeois reactionary puppet governmt and to aid in the people's democratic revolution.
By the collaboration of Jose Maria Sison and former members of the Hukbalahap led by Bernabe Buscayno, the NPA has since waged a guerrilla war based on the Maoist strategy of protracted people's war.
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The NPA is one of the key figures in the ongoing Communist rebellion in the Philippines, the longest ongoing conflict in the country.
In guerrilla zones where the NPA has trched itself, the CPP–NPA has established a People's Democratic Governmt (Gobyernong Bayan), which operates indepdtly of the Philippine governmt. Within these zones, income taxes which would nominally go to the governmt treasury instead go to the NPA, which they use to fund community services.
The NPA, as represted by the National Democratic Front of the Philippines, is a party to ongoing peace talks betwe the People's Democratic Governmt and the Governmt of the Republic of the Philippines. Peace negotiations have reached an impasse, with the Rodrigo Duterte administration unilaterally announcing the termination of peace talks in 2019.
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Have designated the CPP–NPA as foreign terrorist organizations in 2002 and 2005, respectively. Japan's Public Security Intelligce Agcy designated the NPA as a major international terrorist organization (主な国際テロ組織 ).
The New People's Army was established on March 29, 1969, following the split of the old Communist Party (Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930) into Lava and Guerrero factions. The 1960s saw a resurgce in radical ideology, following the establishmt of Kabataang Makabayan and the emerging popularity of Mao Zedong Thought as an advancemt of ideological Marxism-Linism. In 1966, Jose Maria Sison, under the nom de guerre Amado Guerrero, wrote Rectify Errors and Rebuild the Party!, a treatise which criticized the old Lavaite leadership and emphasized the need to follow Mao Zedong Thought to foster re-establishmt.
The conflict continued until December 26, 1968, wh the Communist Party of the Philippines was formally re-established along Maoist lines, and the tire issue was termed the First Great Rectification Movemt.
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After re-establishing the CPP, Guerrero set about to establishing the People's Army. KM cadres in Tarlac had contacted Guerrero and linked him with Bernabe Buscayno, a former member of the older Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan. Relations were established and the New People's Army was formally founded on March 29, in continuity with the previous Hukbalahap.
The NPA was immediately tasked with the role of implemting the CPP's program for a People's Democratic Revolution. In the Declaration of the New People's Army, Amado Guerrero outlined the following as its main tasks:
The NPA quickly spread alongside organizational work of the CPP. By 1972, it had established 735 barrio organizing committees and 60 barrio organizing committees, governing an estimated 400, 000 people all over the country.
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The CPP used the NPA to establish barrio organizing and revolutionary committees, which served as instrumts in administering the people's revolutionary governmt. Barrio organizing committees were established to lower land rt, eliminate usury, and sure the annihilation of emy troops and the elimination of landlord despots, emy spies, and such bad elemts as cattle rustlers, extortionists, robbers, murderers, arsonists, and the like.
Once established, barrio revolutionary committees replaced the BOC to formally establish the area as a stronghold of the revolutionary governmt. The NPA at the time had 72 squads of 800 regulars armed with weapons.
Over the next decade, the NPA expanded in response to Ferdinand Marcos and the declaration of martial law in the Philippines. The CPP and the NPA were successfully able to establish themselves in the countryside, reaching a mass base of over one million people, with 1, 000 fighters armed with high-powered rifles by 1977
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By 1981, the NPA began gaging in tactical offsives involving company-sized units emerged, particularly in the Southern Mindanao region. By 1983, the NPA fielded 5, 000 high-powered rifles. By 1988, it had 10, 000 high-powered rifles, with 7, 000 inferior firearms. It operated in 60 guerrilla fronts across 63 provinces of the Philippines.
The momtum gained in the 1980s was also giv to multiple setbacks. Changes in strategy and internal conflicts within the CPP resulted in ideological, political, and organizational losses for the CPP–NPA–NDF. The CPP devised a plan called a strategic counteroffsive (SCO) with the aim of leaping over to a higher stage of armed revolution and quickly win the revolution. The SCO program led to regularization of units, urban partisan actions, peasant uprisings, and an insurrectionist concept of seizing opportunities.
From 1981, the NPA joyed strategic gains in Mindanao and was able to consolidate its forces there. However, the Mindanao Commission adopted a strategy of designating areas as Red (where military struggle was applicable) or White (where political struggle and insurrection was applicable) along with the SCO program.
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Problems in discipline also emerged during this time, as well as deterioration of the NPA's ability to conduct mass work. These ideological and organizational shortcomings, coupled with the Corazon Aquino administration's counter-insurgcy program, Oplan Lambat Bitag, managed to severely harm the NPA and the CPP as a whole.
In 1989, the NPA assassinated U.S. Army Colonel James Nick Rowe, founder of the U.S. Army Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) course. Colonel Rowe was part of a military assistance program to the Philippine Army. The NPA asserts that this made him a legitimate military target.
By 1991, the CPP ctral committee had assessed the mistakes of the previous decade and carried out the Second Great Rectification Movemt from 1992 until declaring a success in 1998. The Second Great Rectification Movemt, however, saw splits in the CPP ranks, with rejectionists such as Filemon Lagman, Romulo Kintanar, Etta Rosales, and others leaving the CPP and forming their own groups based on ideological differces. The Alex Boncayao Brigade, notorious for its partisan activities, left the CPP with Lagman and formed the Revolutionary Proletarian Army.
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In 1998, the GRP and NDFP signed the Comprehsive Agreemt on Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law (CAHRIHL), which establishes rules of gagemt for both parties in accordance to international rules of war.
The NPA, as a signatory to CAHIRHL, is bound to international agreemts stated in the Geva Convtion and thus follows rules set for prisoners of war,
Since th, rejectionists have be met with reprisals. Lagman was ambushed in the University of the Philippines in 2001 by armed gunm and slain.
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Other rejectionists, like Rosales and Wald Bello continue as members of the social-democratic Akbayan party. Ricardo Reyes is active in local politics, having last attempted to secure the mayoralty of Pasig in 2010.
The CPP declared the Second Great Rectification Movemt as having be conclusively won in 1998. Since th, it has re-affirmed that the CPP is in absolute command of the NPA, outlining that its most pressing task is to defeat and destroy the US-created and US-supported reactionary Armed Forces of the Philippines.
Since th, it has continued to wage a protracted people's war through the use of guerrilla tactics, while steadily expanding. In 2002, Presidt Gloria Macapagal Arroyo requested for the United States Departmt of State to declare the CPP-NPA as a foreign terrorist group, which was granted on August 2.
History Of The Cpp Npa
This was in line with her counter-insurgcy program, Oplan Bantay Laya, which aimed to d the conflict betwe the AFP and the NPA. In 2005, the European Union Common Foreign and Security Policy included the NPA as a terrorist group.
Despite these efforts, the NPA has declared Oplan Bantay Laya I a failure, citing that it did not lose a single guerrilla front despite the AFP's efforts of conctrating its forces in 300 to 600 barrios at any giv time.
In 2005, the NPA reported that its strgth had surpassed its previous peak in 2005. Arroyo, at this time, had replaced OBL1 with Oplan Bantay Laya 2, which aimed at ding the revolutionary movemt by 2010.
New People's Army
During the administration of Bigno Aquino III, OBL2 was replaced by Oplan Bayanihan, which had a more people-ctered approach compared to OBL's military-heavy tactics.
The Ctral Committee has stated in its 2017 Congress that it has a five-year plan with aims to carry forward the antifascist, antifeudal and anti-imperialist movemt and overthrow the tyrannical US-Duterte regime, and bring the protracted people's war to the advanced phase of the strategic defsive, in order to reach the threshold of the strategic stalemate.
The CPP five-year plan emphasizes the need to combat conservatism in the NPA ranks, the importance of mass-work in building and strgthing Party groups, and the intsification of guerrilla warfare
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