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Kuwait is a sovereign state in Western Asia located at the head of the Persian Gulf. The geographical region of Kuwait has be occupied by humans since antiquity, particularly due to its strategic location at the head of the Persian Gulf.

In the eighteth and nineteth cturies, Kuwait was a prosperous maritime port city and the most important trade port in the northern Gulf region.

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Following the post-glacial flooding of the Persian Gulf basin, debris from the Tigris–Euphrates river formed a substantial delta, creating most of the land in prest-day Kuwait and establishing the prest coastlines.

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One of the earliest evidce of human habitation in Kuwait dates back to 8000 BC where Mesolithic tools were found in Burgan.

During the Ubaid period (6500 BC), Kuwait was the ctral site of interaction betwe the peoples of Mesopotamia and Neolithic Eastern Arabia,

Dilmun first appears in Sumerian cuneiform clay tablets dated to the d of fourth millnium BC, found in the temple of goddess Inanna in the city of Uruk. The adjective Dilmun is used to describe a type of axe and one specific official; in addition there are lists of rations of wool issued to people connected with Dilmun.

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Dilmun was mtioned in two letters dated to the reign of Burna-Buriash II (c. 1370 BC) recovered from Nippur, during the Kassite dynasty of Babylon. These letters were from a provincial official, Ilī-ippašra, in Dilmun to his frid lil-kidinni in Mesopotamia. The names referred to are Akkadian.

There is both literary and archaeological evidce of extsive trade betwe ancit Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley civilization (probably correctly idtified with the land called Meluhha in Akkadian). Impressions of clay seals from the Indus Valley city of Harappa were evidtly used to seal bundles of merchandise, as clay seal impressions with cord or sack marks on the reverse side testify. A number of these Indus Valley seals have turned up at Ur and other Mesopotamian sites.

The Persian Gulf types of circular, stamped (rather than rolled) seals known from Dilmun, that appear at Lothal in Gujarat, India, and Failaka, as well as in ctral Mesopotamia, are convincing corroboration of the long-distance sea trade. What the commerce consisted of is less known: timber and precious woods, ivory, lapis lazuli, gold, and luxury goods such as carnelian and glazed stone beads, pearls from the Persian Gulf, shell and bone inlays, were among the goods st to Mesopotamia in exchange for silver, tin, wool textiles, olive oil and grains. Copper ingots from Oman and bitum which occurred naturally in Mesopotamia may have be exchanged for cotton textiles and domestic fowl, major products of the Indus region that are not native to Mesopotamia. Instances of all of these trade goods have be found. The importance of this trade is shown by the fact that the weights and measures used at Dilmun were in fact idtical to those used by the Indus, and were not those used in Southern Mesopotamia.

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Mesopotamian trade documts, lists of goods, and official inscriptions mtioning Meluhha supplemt Harappan seals and archaeological finds. Literary referces to Meluhhan trade date from the Akkadian Empire, the Third Dynasty of Ur, and Isin-Larsa Periods (c. 2350–1800 BC), but the trade probably started in the Early Dynastic Period (c. 2600 BC). Some Meluhhan vessels may have sailed directly to Mesopotamian ports, but by the Isin-Larsa Period, Dilmun monopolized the trade.

In the Mesopotamian epic poem Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh had to pass through Mount Mashu to reach Dilmun, Mount Mashu is usually idtified with the whole of the parallel Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon ranges, with the narrow gap betwe these mountains constituting the tunnel.

Dilmun, sometimes described as the place where the sun rises and the Land of the Living, is the sce of some versions of the Sumerian creation myth, and the place where the deified Sumerian hero of the flood, Utnapishtim (Ziusudra), was tak by the gods to live forever. Thorkild Jacobs's translation of the Eridu Gesis calls it Mount Dilmun which he locates as a faraway, half-mythical place.

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Dilmun is also described in the epic story of ki and Ninhursag as the site at which the Creation occurred. The promise of ki to Ninhursag, the Earth Mother:

For Dilmun, the land of my lady's heart, I will create long waterways, rivers and canals, whereby water will flow to quch the thirst of all beings and bring abundance to all that lives.

The Sumerian goddess of air and wind Ninlil had her home in Dilmun. It is also featured in the Epic of Gilgamesh. However, in the early epic merkar and the Lord of Aratta, the main evts, which cter on merkar's construction of the ziggurats in Uruk and Eridu, are described as taking place in a world before Dilmun had yet be settled.

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From about 1650 BC there is a further inscription on a seal found at Failaka and preserving a king's name. The short text readsː [La]'ù-la Panipa, daughter of Sumu-lěl, the servant of Inzak of Akarum. Sumu-lěl was evidtly a third king of Dilmun belonging to about this period. Servant of Inzak of Akarum was the king's title in Dilmun. The names of these later rulers are Amoritic.

Despite the scholarly conssus that ancit Dilmun compasses three modern locations - the eastern littoral of Arabia from the vicinity of modern Kuwait to Bahrain; the island of Bahrain; the island of Failaka of Kuwait - few researchers have tak into account the radically differt geography of the basin represted by the Persian Gulf before its reflooding as sea levels rose about 6000 BCE.

During the Dilmun era (from ca. 3000 BC), Failaka was known as Agarum, the land of zak, a great god in the Dilmun civilization according to Sumerian cuneiform texts found on the island.

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During the Neo-Babylonian Period, zak was idtified with Nabu, the ancit Mesopotamian patron god of literacy, the rational arts, scribes and wisdom.

As part of Dilmun, Failaka became a hub for the civilization from the d of the 3rd to the middle of the 1st millnium BC.

Studies indicate traces of human settlemt can be found on Failaka dating back to as early as the d of the 3rd millnium BC, and extding until the 20th ctury AD.

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Many of the artifacts found in Falaika are linked to Mesopotamian civilizations and seem to show that Failaka was gradually drawn toward the civilization based in Antioch.

Babylonian Kings were prest in Failaka during the Neo-Babylonian Empire period, Nabonidus had a governor in Failaka and Nebuchadnezzar II had a palace and temple in Falaika.

Although there is no scholarly conssus, several famous archaeologists and geologists have proposed that Kuwait was likely the original location of the Pishon River which watered the Gard of Ed.

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Juris Zarins argued that the Gard of Ed was situated at the head of the Persian Gulf (prest-day Kuwait), where the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers run into the sea, from his research on this area using information from many differt sources, including LANDSAT images from space. His suggestion about the Pishon River was supported by James A. Sauer of the American Cter of Orital Research.

In 4th ctury BC, the ancit Greeks colonized the bay of Kuwait under Alexander the Great, the ancit Greeks named mainland Kuwait Larissa and Failaka was named Ikaros.

According to Strabo and Arrian, Alexander the Great named Failaka Ikaros because it resembled the Aegean island of that name in size and shape. Various elemts of Greek mythology were mixed with the local cults in Failaka.

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According to another account, having returned from his Indian campaign to Persia, Alexander the Great ordered the island to be called Icarus, after the Icarus island in the Aegean Sea.

Another suggestion is that the name Ikaros was influced by the local É-kara temple, dedicated to the Babylonian sun-god Shamash. That both Failaka and the Aegean Icarus housed bull cults would have made the idtification tempting all the more.

At the Hellistic fortress in Failaka, pigs represted 20 perct of the total population, but no pig remains were found in nearby Akkaz.

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The island was further visited and inspected by Archias, Androsthes of Thasos, and Hiero during three exploration expeditions ordered by Alexander the Great during 324 BC.

In 127 BC, Kuwait was part of the Parthian Empire and the kingdom of Charace was established around Teredon in prest-day Kuwait.

In 224 AD, Kuwait became part of the Sassanid Empire. At the time of the Sassanid Empire, Kuwait was known as Meshan,

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In Bubiyan, there is archaeological evidce of Sassanian periods of human presce as evidced by the rect discovery of torpedo-jar pottery sherds on several promint beach ridges.

The Battle of Chains was the first battle of the Rashidun Caliphate in which the Muslim army sought to extd its frontiers.

As a result of Rashidun victory in 636 AD, the bay of Kuwait was home to the city of Kazma (also known as Kadhima or Kāzimah) in the early Islamic era.

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The city functioned as a trade port and resting place for pilgrims on their way from Iraq to Hejaz. The city was controlled by the kingdom of Al-Hirah in Iraq.

The Kuwaiti city of Kazma was a stop for caravans coming