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Australopithecus afarsis is an extinct species of australopithecine which lived from about 3.9–2.9 million years ago (mya) in the Plioce of East Africa. The first fossils were discovered in the 1930s, but major fossil finds would not take place until the 1970s. From 1972 to 1977, the International Afar Research Expedition—led by anthropologists Maurice Taieb, Donald Johanson and Yves Copps—unearthed several hundreds of hominin specims in Hadar, Ethiopia, the most significant being the exceedingly well-preserved skeleton AL 288-1 (Lucy) and the site AL 333 (the First Family). Beginning in 1974, Mary Leakey led an expedition into Laetoli, Tanzania, and notably recovered fossil trackways. In 1978, the species was first described, but this was followed by argumts for splitting the wealth of specims into differt species giv the wide range of variation which had be attributed to sexual dimorphism (normal differces betwe males and females). A. afarsis probably descded from A. anamsis and is hypothesised to have giv rise to Homo, though the latter is debated.

A. afarsis had a tall face, a delicate brow ridge, and prognathism (the jaw jutted outwards). The jawbone was quite robust, similar to that of gorillas. The living size of A. afarsis is debated, with argumts for and against marked size differces betwe males and females. Lucy measured perhaps 105 cm (3 ft 5 in) in height and 25–37 kg (55–82 lb), but she was rather small for her species. In contrast, a presumed male was estimated at 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) and 45 kg (99 lb). A perceived differce in male and female size may simply be sampling bias. The leg bones as well as the Laetoli fossil trackways suggest A. afarsis was a compett biped, though somewhat less efficit at walking than humans. The arm and shoulder bones have some similar aspects to those of orangutans and gorillas, which has variously be interpreted as either evidce of partial tree-dwelling (arboreality), or basal traits inherited from the chimpanzee–human last common ancestor with no adaptive functionality.

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A. afarsis was probably a geralist omnivore of both C3 forest plants and C4 CAM savanna plants—and perhaps creatures which ate such plants—and was able to exploit a variety of differt food sources. Similarly, A. afarsis appears to have inhabited a wide range of habitats with no real preferce, inhabiting op grasslands or woodlands, shrublands, and lake- or riverside forests. Pottial evidce of stone tool use would indicate meat was also a dietary compont. Marked sexual dimorphism in primates typically corresponds to a polygynous society and low dimorphism to monogamy, but the group dynamics of early hominins is difficult to predict with accuracy. Early hominins may have fall prey to the large carnivores of the time, such as big cats and hyas.

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Beginning in the 1930s, some of the most ancit hominin remains of the time dating to 3.8–2.9 million years ago were recovered from East Africa. Because Australopithecus africanus fossils were commonly being discovered throughout the 1920s and '40s in South Africa, these remains were oft provisionally classified as Australopithecus aff. africanus.

The first to idtify a human fossil was German explorer Ludwig Kohl-Lars in 1939 by the headwaters of the Gerusi River (near Laetoli, Tanzania), who countered a maxilla.

In 1948, German palaeontologist Edwin Hnig proposed classifying it into a new gus, Praeanthropus, but he failed to give a species name. In 1950, German anthropologist Hans Weinert proposed classifying it as Meganthropus africanus, but this was largely ignored. In 1955, M.S. Şyürek proposed the combination Praeanthropus africanus.

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Major collections were made in Laetoli, Tanzania, on an expedition beginning in 1974 directed by British palaeoanthropologist Mary Leakey, and in Hadar, Ethiopia, from 1972 to 1977 by the International Afar Research Expedition (IARE) formed by Frch geologist Maurice Taieb, American palaeoanthropologist Donald Johanson and Breton anthropologist Yves Copps. These fossils were remarkably well preserved and many had associated skeletal aspects.

In 1973, the IARE team unearthed the first knee joint, AL 129-1, and showed the earliest example at the time of bipedalism. In 1974, Johanson and graduate studt Tom Gray discovered the extremely well-preserved skeleton AL 288–1, commonly referred to as Lucy (named after the 1967 Beatles song Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds which was playing on their tape recorder that eving).

In 1975, the IARE recovered 216 specims belonging to 13 individuals, AL 333 the First Family (though the individuals were not necessarily related).

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In 1976, Leakey and colleagues discovered fossil trackways, and preliminarily classified Laetoli remains into Homo spp., attributing Australopithecus-like traits as evidce of them being transitional fossils.

In 1978, Johanson, Tim D. White and Copps classified the hundreds of specims collected thus far from both Hadar and Laetoli into a single new species, A. afarsis, and considered the appartly wide range of variation a result of sexual dimorphism. The species name honours the Afar Region of Ethiopia where the majority of the specims had be recovered from. They later selected the jawbone LH 4 as the holotype specim because of its preservation quality and because White had already fully described and illustrated it the year before.

A. afarsis is known only from East Africa. Beyond Laetoli and the Afar Region, the species has be recorded in Kya at Koobi Fora and possibly Lothagam; and elsewhere in Ethiopia at Woranso-Mille, Maka, Belohdelie, Ledi-Geraru and Fejej.

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Afar Region, Ethiopia, dating to 3.9 million years ago has typically be assigned to A. anamsis based on age, but may be assignable to A. afarsis because it exhibits a derived form of postorbital constriction. This would mean A. afarsis and A. anamsis coexisted for at least 100, 000 years.

For a long time, A. afarsis was the oldest known African great ape until the 1994 description of the 4.4-million-year-old Ardipithecus ramidus,

Bipedalism was once thought to have evolved in australopithecines, but it is now thought to have begun evolving much earlier in habitually arboreal primates. The earliest claimed date for the beginnings of an upright spine and a primarily vertical body plan is 21.6 million years ago in the Early Mioce with Morotopithecus bishopi.

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A. afarsis is now a widely accepted species, and it is now gerally thought that Homo and Paranthropus are sister taxa deriving from Australopithecus, but the classification of Australopithecus species is in disarray. Australopithecus is considered a grade taxon whose members are united by their similar physiology rather than close relations with each other over other hominin gera. It is unclear how any Australopithecus species relate to each other,

In 1979, Johanson and White proposed that A. afarsis was the last common ancestor betwe Homo and Paranthropus, supplanting A. africanus in this role.

Considerable debate of the validity of this species followed, with proposals for synonymising them with A. africanus or recognising multiple species from the Laetoli and Hadar remains. In 1980, South African palaeoanthropologist Phillip V. Tobias proposed reclassifying the Laetoli specims as A. africanus afarsis and the Hadar specims as A. afr. aethiopicus.

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The skull KNM-ER 1470 (now H. rudolfsis) was at first dated to 2.9 million years ago, which cast doubt on the ancestral position of both A. afarsis or A. africanus, but it has be re-dated to about 2 million years ago.

Several Australopithecus species have since be postulated to represt the ancestor to Homo, but the 2013 discovery of the earliest Homo specim, LD 350-1, 2.8 million years old (older than almost all other Australopithecus species) from the Afar Region could pottially affirm A. afarsis' ancestral position.

However, A. afarsis is also argued to have be too derived (too specialised), due to resemblance in jaw anatomy to the robust australopithecines, to have be a human ancestor.

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Palaeoartist Walter Ferguson has proposed splitting A. afarsis into H. antiquus, a relict dryopithecine Ramapithecus (now Kyapithecus) and a subspecies of A. africanus. His recommdations have largely be ignored.

In 2003, Spanish writer Camilo José Cela Conde and evolutionary biologist Francisco J. Ayala proposed reinstating Praeanthropus including A. afarsis alongside Sahelanthropus, A. anamsis, A. bahrelghazali and A. garhi.

In 2004, Danish biologist Bjarne Westergaard and geologist Niels Bonde proposed splitting off Homo hadar with the 3.2-million-year-old partial skull AL 333–45 as the holotype, because a foot from the First Family was appartly more humanlike than that of Lucy. In 2011, Bonde agreed with Ferguson that Lucy should be split into a new species, though erected a new gus as Afaranthropus antiquus.

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In 1996, a 3.6-million-year-old jaw from Koro Toro, Chad, originally classified as A. afarsis was split off into a new species as A. bahrelghazali.

In 2015, some 3.5- to 3.3-million-year-old jaw specims from the Afar Region (the same time and place as A. afarsis) were classified as a new species as A. deyiremeda, and the recognition of this species would call into question the species designation of fossils currtly assigned to A. afarsis.

Wood and Boyle (2016) stated there was low confidce that A. afarsis, A. bahrelghazali and A. deyiremeda are distinct species, with Kyanthropus platyops perhaps being indistinct from the latter two.

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A. afarsis had a tall face, a delicate brow ridge, and prognathism (the jaw jutted outwards). One of the biggest skulls, AL 444–2, is about the size of a female gorilla skull.

The first relatively complete jawbone was discovered in 2002, AL 822–1. This